Rotary device and a method of designing and making a rotary device

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a rotary device comprising a first rotor rotatable about a first axis and having at its periphery a recess bounded by a curved surface, and a second rotor counter-rotatable to said first rotor about a second axis, parallel to said first axis, and having a radial lobe bounded by a curved surface, the first and second rotors being coupled for intermeshing rotation, wherein the first and second rotors of each section intermesh in such a manner that on rotation thereof, a transient chamber of variable volume is defined, the transient chamber having a progressively increasing or decreasing volume between the recess and lobe surfaces, the transient chamber being at least in part defined by the surfaces of the lobe and the recess; the ratio of the maximum radius of the lobe rotor and the maximum radius of the recess rotor being greater than 1.

The present invention relates to a rotary device and to a method ofdesigning and making a rotary device. Typically the rotary device mightbe an engine, a compressor, an expander or a supercharger. When usedherein, the term “rotary device” includes but is not limited to any orall of the above.

Rotary engines are known that use a pair of rotors to achievecompression or expansion by displacement. The engines typically utilisethe interaction between pairs of lobed and recessed rotors, in which thevolume change applied to a compressible working fluid is achieved in amanner determined by the cross-sectional shape of the rotor pairs.

In WO-A-91/06747, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporatedby reference, there is disclosed an internal combustion enginecomprising separate rotary compression and expansion sections. Each ofthe compression and expansion sections is a rotary device comprising afirst rotor rotatable about a first axis and having at its periphery arecess bounded by a curved surface, and a second rotor counter-rotatableto said first rotor about a second axis, parallel to said first axis,and having a radial lobe bounded by a curved surface. The first andsecond rotors are coupled for intermeshing rotation. The first andsecond rotors of each section intermesh in such a manner that onrotation thereof, a transient chamber of variable volume is defined. Thetransient chamber has a progressively increasing (expansion section) ordecreasing (compression section) volume between the recess and lobesurfaces.

The manner of the interaction relies on the fact that the surfaces arecontoured such that during passage of said lobe through the recess, therecess surface is continuously swept, by both a tip of said lobe and amovable location on the lobe. The moving tip and location on the lobecan each be said to define a locus. The location on the lobe progressesalong both the lobe surface and the recess surface, to define thetransient chamber. Thus, in such devices the form of the rotors isimportant and it is necessary that they should conform with therequirement to provide a sweep of the lobe through the recess, in whichtwo minimum clearance points (at the tip and the movable location on thelobe) are maintained for the duration of the volume change cycle from amaximum volume at the start of the cycle to an effectively zero volumeat the end of the cycle (for a compressor) and an effective zero volumeincreasing to a capacity limited maximum volume in the case of anexpander.

These devices work well in that the low friction function means they arecomparatively efficient as compared to other known rotary devices orindeed other engines. They are “low friction” in that the rotors do notactually contact each other but instead there is a minimum clearancebetween the rotors at the two points mentioned above.

Subsequent improvements and modifications to the basic form of suchdevices added new features. In WO-A-98/35136, the entire contents ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference, there is disclosed the useof helical forms of the rotors in the axial direction and a variablemaximum possible volume for the transient chamber. Furthermore, inWO-A-2005/108745, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporatedby reference, there is disclosed a method and apparatus by which theport flow area of such devices is increased. Indeed, inWO-A-2005/108745, an endplate was provided at the axial end of therecess rotor that enclosed the transient chamber of variable volume. Avalve was provided in the endplate and an opening was provided in thesurrounding housing. As the recess rotor rotates, the valving actionbetween the endplate and the housing serves to control the flow ofworking fluid into and out of the transient chamber during an operatingcycle. The sizing and positioning of the valve in the endplate and theopening in the housing enables accurate control of the rotary device.

The modifications and additions of WO-A-98/35136 and WO-A-2005/108745did not change the form of the rotors nor their manner of interaction.

Rules were established which governed the distance apart of the centralaxes of rotation of the rotors and the magnitude of the outer radius ofboth rotors. In the case of the distance between axes of rotation, itwas known that if this was reduced beyond a certain extent, then rotorforms could not be devised which would complete the interaction withouteither fouling or creating unavoidable leakage areas. Where this limitprecisely lay in geometrical terms which could be related to othergeometrical rotor parameters however, was unknown. It was thereforeconsidered unsafe to reduce it arbitrarily below one and one third timesthe outer radius of the lobe. Once this parameter was fixed, then anyreduction in the outer radius of the lobe rotor alone, without change inthe radius of the recess rotor, would necessarily reduce the maximum2-dimensional area swept by the lobe and therefore would reduce theswept volume of the machine. Subsequent models were therefore developedin which equality of outer radius dimensions for each of the recess andlobe rotors was retained.

This limitation, together with the limited value of the distance betweenthe rotor axes, necessarily constrained the inner radius of the loberotor, i.e. the radius of the lobe rotor core, in order to providerolling contact with the segments of the circumference of the recessrotor between the recesses. It also determined the maximum penetrationof the lobe into the recess rotor.

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provideda rotary device comprising a first rotor rotatable about a first axisand having at its periphery a recess bounded by a curved surface, and asecond rotor counter-rotatable to said first rotor about a second axis,parallel to said first axis, and having a radial lobe bounded by acurved surface, the first and second rotors being coupled forintermeshing rotation, wherein the first and second rotors of eachsection intermesh in such a manner that on rotation thereof, a transientchamber of variable volume is defined, the transient chamber having aprogressively increasing or decreasing volume between the recess andlobe surfaces, the transient chamber being at least in part defined bythe surfaces of the lobe and the recess; the ratio of the maximum radiusof the lobe rotor and the maximum radius of the recess being greaterthan 1.

Thus, the present rotary device provides for a radius of the lobe rotorto be larger than that of the recess rotor and therefore enables theworking volume of the device to be increased on a per cycle basis. Thischange to the previously established form of the rotor geometryincreases the 2-dimensional sweep area through the interaction cycle.When translated into a 3-dimensional design, this change allows themaximum swept delivery volume per revolution to be increased by morethan 100 percent when compared with rotors of the same overalldimensions but following the previously established rules.

Previously, if the radial length of the lobe were to be increased bymaking the outer radius of the lobe greater than the radius of therecess rotor, then there could be no certainty that an effectiveinteraction between the rotors could be achieved. In the present case,it has been recognised that the outer radius of the lobe can be greaterthan the radius of the recess rotor whilst still providing a functioningrotary device. Furthermore, the increased radius of the lobe providesfor a greater swept area during each cycle.

There is a desire to generate a means by which the interaction of therotors could be modelled and then to use the generated means to providea new engine having optimised rotors such that swept volume andtherefore power-per-cycle can be maximised.

The nature of the constraints discussed above emphasizes the lack of aclear mathematical model by which the interaction between the rotorscould be understood or by which rules could be established todistinguish rotor forms with characteristics capable of supportingeffective gas displacement without leakage and without fouling.

Preferably, the geometry of the or each lobe is determined by the innerradius of the lobe Σ_(Li), the outer rotor radius at the tip of the lobeρ_(Lo), the outer radius of the recess rotor ρ_(Po) and a circular arcsegment A_(l) of radius R_(l) defining a bulk of the lobe.

In one embodiment, the geometry of the or each lobe is, in addition,determined by a circular arc segment A_(c) of radius R_(c) wherein thearc segment A_(l) defines the bulk of the lobe from its tip to aninflection point and the circular arc segment A_(c) defines a base ofthe lobe connecting between the arc segment A_(l) and the core of thelobe.

In one embodiment, the position of the centre of the circular arcsegment A_(l) is defined in dependence on the separation of the centreof the circular arc segment A_(l) from the centre of the lobe rotor.

Thus, in the absence previously of a basis for determining rotor shape,new physical models developed for practical applications could only bereasonably assured of success provided that they conformed to theparametric relationships of the geometrical entities which defined theirpredecessors, i.e. by ensuring equality of outer radius dimensions forboth rotors.

According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provideda method of designing the rotors for a rotary device having a lobe rotorand a recess rotor coupled for intermeshing rotation, wherein the lobeand recess rotors intermesh in such a manner that on rotation thereof, atransient chamber of variable volume is defined, the transient chamberhaving a progressively increasing or decreasing volume between therecess and lobe surfaces, the method comprising: determining thegeometry of the or each lobe in dependence on the inner radius of thelobe ρ_(Li), the outer rotor radius at the tip of the lobe ρ_(Lo), theouter radius of the recess rotor ρ_(Po) and a circular arc segment A_(l)of radius R_(l) defining a bulk of the lobe. Preferably the method alsocomprises making a lobe rotor having the determined geometry.

In a preferred embodiment, the geometry of the or each lobe is, inaddition, determined by a circular arc segment A_(c) of radius R_(c)wherein the arc segment A_(l) defines the bulk of the lobe from its tipto an inflection point and the circular arc segment A_(c) defines a baseof the lobe connecting between the arc segment A_(l) and the core of thelobe.

A method and device is provided by which rotors can be designed andbuilt so as to provide a functioning engine capable of improvedperformance as compared to previous engines. A means is provided torealise designs of the rotor interaction which conform to thecharacterisation requirement established in the aforesaid prior art butwhich are not necessarily constrained by the arbitrary limits to whichthe prior art was subject.

In the present case, the search for improved performance from rotors ofgiven overall size, has led to an exploration of the general rules whichlimit the size and shape of lobe and recess rotors which are capable ofinteraction in the manner defined as acceptable in the prior art citedabove. A 2-dimensional mathematical model is hereby provided, in whichthe geometrical form of the pair of interacting rotors is represented bya minimum number of key parameters whose relative magnitudes determinethe properties of an effective pair of interacting rotors.

Use of this mathematical model to explore the potential for improvedperformance has led to the recognition that effectively interactingrotor forms are possible in which the maximum radius of the lobe rotorcan be advantageously extended to a value substantially greater thanthat of the recess rotor. This change to the previously established formof the rotor geometry increases the 2-dimensional sweep area through theinteraction cycle. When translated into a 3-dimensional design, thischange allows the maximum swept delivery volume per revolution to beincreased by more than 100 percent when compared with rotors of the sameoverall dimensions but following the previously established rules.

The mathematical model that is preferably used to determine parametersfor the rotors to enable the present rotary device to operate is set outin detail in the Appendix forming part of the description of this patentapplication.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provideda rotary device having a lobe rotor and a recess rotor in which the loberotor has an outer radius and an inner radius and the inner radius isminimised so as to maximise swept area or volume of the lobe.

Preferably, the swept area is maximised in accordance with the equation:

${\rho_{Po} + \rho_{Li}} \leq {\frac{1}{q}\sqrt{{\left( {1 + q} \right)^{2}\rho_{M_{l}}^{2}} + {\frac{1}{27}\left( {1 + {2q}} \right)^{3}R_{l}^{2}}}}$

in which

ρ_(po) is the outer radius of the recess rotor;

ρ_(Li) is the inner radius of the lobe rotor;

ρ_(Ml) is the separation between the centre of the lobe rotor and thecentre of the circle from which the arc that at least in part definesthe shape of the lobe is taken;

q is the ratio of angular velocities of the recess and lobe rotor; and

R_(l) is the radius of the arc defining at least in part the shape ofthe lobe.

This may be thought of as a condition on the curvature of the main lobesegment A_(l).

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detailwith reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the rotary device ofWO-A-91/06747 (it is the same as FIG. 8 of WO-A-91/06747);

FIGS. 2A to 2D show schematic representations of rotor pairs in whichthe radius of the lobe rotor is greater than that of the recess rotor;

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a rotary device including a loberotor and a recess rotor used in the derivation of a mathematical modelto develop and design new rotors;

FIGS. 4A to 4F, 5A to 5F, 6A to 6F, 7A to 7F, 8A to 8F, 9A to 9F and 10Ato 10F are schematic representations of rotor pairs for use in rotarydevices.

FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the rotary device ofWO-A-91/06747 and, as mentioned above is the same as FIG. 8 ofWO-A-91/06747. The rotary device 2 comprises a lobe rotor 4 and a recessrotor 6 contained within a housing 8. A transient chamber of variablevolume 10 is defined at least in part by the surfaces of the lobe 12 andrecess 14 of the respective rotors 4 and 6. In this particular example,a curved containment wall 16 is provided as part of the housing 8 andthis also serves to form the transient chamber of variable volume 10together with the lobe 12 and recess 14. As explained above, in thisrotary device 2 the separation 18 between the axes of rotation of thelobe rotor 4 and recess rotor 6 is fixed and the outer radius dimensionis the same for both rotors. In other words, the radius 20 of the loberotor 4 is fixed at the same value as the radius 22 of the recess rotor6. The rotors each have a core, e.g. such as a central cylindricalcomponent, on which the recesses and/or lobes are formed.

In contrast, in the present rotary device the radius of the lobe rotorand the radius of the recess rotor are different such that an increasedswept area (in 2D) and consequently, volume (in 3D) can be achievedwithout increasing the overall size of the rotary device.

In an example, the two rotors are sized and configured in such a waythat it is possible to increase the outer radius of the lobe rotor sothat it is larger than that of the recess rotor. Comparing this with theprevious arrangement using a pair of intermeshing rotors of given equalouter radius and given distance between the rotor axes, then the changeis seen only as an increase in the tip radius of the lobe rotor. Thus,the arc described by the lobe tip describes a larger circular area thanthe recess rotor. It has been recognised by the inventors that it ispossible that the close contact point remote from the tip of the lobe,i.e. near to the base of the lobe, is able to maintain close proximityto successive points on the surface of the recess to enable the familiardisplacement of 2 dimensional area between the lobe and recess to beexecuted in the same manner as was previously possible.

The result of making this change in geometry is significant. The resultis to effect a substantially increased swept volume from the pairedrotor device on each cycle of operation. As an example, when comparingthe new geometry with a previous design, it is shown that the sweptvolume delivery per revolution of the lobe rotor is twice that of theprevious design for rotors having the same shaft centre distance.

In a previous design with shaft centre distance set at a value such thatthe maximum possible volume of the transient chamber of variable volumewas 125 cc, the lobe rotor had four lobes and the recess rotor had sixrecesses, each interaction yielding a swept volume of 120 cc, thusmaking a total of 480 cc. per revolution of the lobe rotor.

Using the geometry of embodiments of the present invention in which theratio of the maximum radius of the lobe and the maximum radius of therecess is greater than 1, the increased penetration of the lobe alsoincreases the length of the arc traversed by the lobe tip from the startof the cycle. Thus, in this particular example, it is only possible toaccommodate two lobes which requires a matching three-recessedcomplementing rotor. Nevertheless, the cycle swept volume for the newgeometry is 500 cc. per lobe which means that the new design can deliver1 Litre per revolution of the lobe rotor.

Rotor lengths are preferably kept constant between previous and newgeometries in this comparison.

FIGS. 2A to 2D show schematic representations of rotor pairs in whichthe radius of the lobe rotor is greater than that of the recess rotor.As can be seen, the radius 20 of the lobe rotor 4 is greater than that22 of the recess rotor 6. A single pair of rotors is shown in fourdifferent stages of a cycle of rotation. In FIG. 2A the tip of the loberotor (rotating anticlockwise) first engages with the curved containmentwall. Together with the recess in the recess rotor a transient chamberof variable volume is first defined within this cycle. In FIG. 2B therotors have rotated further, the lobe rotor rotating anticlockwise andthe recess rotor rotating clockwise. The transient chamber of variablevolume has decreased in size and so any working fluid trapped in thechamber at the start of the cycle i.e. when the chamber is first formed,will have been correspondingly compressed. In FIGS. 2C and 2D thecompression cycle continues. Despite the difference in radius of thelobe rotor and the recess rotor the transient chamber is still suitablydefined and the required clearance between the two rotors is maintained.Thus, the increased lobe rotor radius leads to an increase in sweptvolume per cycle.

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a basic geometry of thedisplacement engine or rotary device, as used to determine amathematical model for use in rotor design and manufacture. The rotarydevice includes a lobe rotor 4 arranged in this example to rotate in aclockwise direction, and a recess rotor 6 arranged in this example torotate in an anti-clockwise direction. The rotary device is shown in thestate of rotation where the tip of the lobe T first penetrates therecess rotor. In other words although the more forward part of the lobeprofile is already within the outer perimeter of the recess rotor at theinstant shown in FIG. 3, the tip T is just about to penetrate the outerperimeter. It will be appreciated that it is the “front” surface of thelobe that determines its interaction with the recess. The following orrear surface can be any convenient or desired shape. The lobe may beshaped in its rear surface or body so as to minimise the amount ofmaterial required to make it to minimise weight of the rotors.

In the example shown, the y-axis of the co-rotating coordinate system(x, y) in the recess frame is chosen such that it pierces T at thisinstant. The shape of the lobe is, in this example, defined by the twocircles of Radius R_(l) and R_(c) for the bulk of the lobe and its base.As shown there are various angles near centres of the lobe O_(L) and thecentre of the recess O_(P).

These angles are defined by triangles of named points, namely

φ_(Ml)=/(M _(l) ,O _(L) ,T),

φ_(Mc)=/(M _(c) ,O _(L) ,T),

φ_(lc)=/(M _(l) ,O _(L) ,M _(c)),

α_(L)=/(O _(P) ,O _(L) ,T), and

α_(P)=/(O _(L) ,O _(P) ,T),

where the angle defined is near the second of each triple of points.

FIGS. 4A to 4F and 10A to 10F are schematic representations of rotorpairs for use in rotary devices.

FIGS. 4A to 4F show a schematic representation of an interacting rotorpair at various stages during a cycle of interaction. The lobe rotor isshown rotating clockwise and the recess rotor is shown rotatinganti-clockwise. In this example there are two lobes and two recesses.The views shown in the figure are the start of the cycle (FIG. 4A) whena compression chamber can first be formed with the housing (representedby a bolder dark line at the upper boundary), the rotation when the baseof the lobe first penetrates the recess rotor (FIG. 4B), the time abouthalf way between the base of the lobe and the tip of the lobe enteringthe recess rotor (FIG. 4C), the time when the tip of the lobe firstpenetrates the recess rotor (FIG. 4D). Next, in FIG. 4E, there is shownthe position when the lobe and recess rotors have rotated further suchthat the transient chamber of variable volume is formed entirely betweenthe curved lobe surface and recess and can be seen to have significantlyreduced in volume as compared to the previous figure (FIG. 4D). Last, inFIG. 4F, the end of the cycle is shown when the inner and outer locusmeet.

With reference to the parameters defined above with respect to FIG. 3,the values for the parameters chosen for this configuration areρ_(Li)=30 mm, ρ_(Lo)=99 mm, R_(l)=64 mm, R_(c)=37 mm, ρ_(Ml)=37.5 mm,ρ_(Po)=75 mm. Although the values, in this example and the examplesbelow shown in and described with reference to FIGS. 5A to 5F and 9A to9F are given in units of mm, it will be understood that these canequally be thought of as an arbitrary basic unit of length in that thedimensions of the rotary device are fully scalable. For simplicity, thetrailing or following edge of the lobe is drawn simply as a straightline. Any appropriate or desired shape may be used for this trailingedge. What is important is the leading edge of the lobe that interactswith the surface of the recess. In practice the trailing edge ispreferably shaped so as to avoid sharp corners. For example, it might becontinuously contoured or curved.

FIGS. 5A to 5F show a schematic representation of an interacting rotorpair at various stages during a cycle of interaction. The lobe rotor isshown rotating clockwise and the recess rotor is shown rotatinganti-clockwise. In this example there is a single lobe interacting witha single recess. In addition, this example illustrates a case where thelobe consists of a single circle segment. As in FIGS. 4A to 4F, thesnapshots shown represent the start of the cycle (FIG. 5A) and thepoints of penetration at the base (FIG. 5B) and at the tip (FIG. 5D), aswell as the cycle end (FIG. 5F) and intermediate positions (FIGS. 5C and5E). In this particular case of a single lobe, the earliest useful startof the cycle is given when the enclosed volumes within the lobe andrecess rotors first communicate with each other, leading to a largetotal sweep angle and volume per cycle. The values for the parameterschosen for this configuration are ρ_(Li)=35 mm, ρ_(Lo)=100 mm, R_(l)=75mm, ρ_(Po)=75 mm. As in the example above, the dimensions of the rotarydevice are fully scalable.

FIGS. 6A to 6F show a schematic representation of an interacting rotorpair at various stages during a cycle of interaction. The lobe rotor isshown rotating clockwise and the recess rotor is shown rotatinganti-clockwise. In this example there is a single lobe interacting witha single recess. As in FIG. 5, this particular example illustrates aspecial case where the lobe consists of a single circle segment. As inFIG. 4, the snapshots shown represent the start of the cycle and thepoints of penetration at the base and at the tip, intermediate positionsas well as the cycle end. In this particular case of a single lobe, theearliest useful start of the cycle is given when the enclosed volumeswithin the lobe and recess rotors first communicate with each other,leading to a large total sweep angle and volume per cycle. Thisconfiguration requires a large fraction of the circumference to beenclosed by a casing. The values for parameters chosen for thisconfiguration are ρ_(Li)=40 mm, ρ_(Lo)=100 mm, R_(l)=74 mm, ρ_(Po)=65mm. As in the examples above, the dimensions of the rotary device arefully scalable.

FIGS. 7A to 7F show a schematic representation of an interacting rotorpair at various stages during a cycle of interaction. The lobe rotor isshown rotating clockwise and the recess rotor is shown rotatinganti-clockwise. In this example there are two lobes and three recesses.As in FIG. 4, the snapshots shown represent the start of the cycle andthe points of penetration at the base and at the tip, intermediatepositions as well as the cycle end. The lobe is shaped such that themaximum volume of the compression chamber is, maximized for a giventotal width of the engine. The values for the parameters chosen for thisconfiguration are ρ_(Li)=30.5 mm, ρ_(Lo)=103.2 mm, R_(l)=70 mm, R_(c)=25mm, ρ_(Ml)=40 mm, ρ_(Po)=92.8 mm. As in the examples above, thedimensions of the rotary device are fully scalable.

FIGS. 8A to 8F show a schematic representation of an interacting rotorpair at various stages during a cycle of interaction. The lobe rotor isshown rotating clockwise and the recess rotor is shown rotatinganti-clockwise. In this example there are two lobes and three recesses.As in FIG. 4, the snapshots shown represent the start of the cycle andthe points of penetration at the base and at the tip, intermediatepositions as well as the cycle end. In comparison to the example shownin FIGS. 7A to 7F, this example illustrates a heavier recess rotor. Thevalues for the parameters chosen for this configuration are ρ_(Li)=33mm, ρ_(Lo)=100 mm, R_(l)=60 mm, R_(c)=50 mm, ρ_(Ml)=42.5 mm, ρ_(Po)=90mm. As in the examples above, the dimensions of the rotary device arefully scalable.

FIGS. 9A to 9F show a schematic representation of an interacting rotorpair at various stages during a cycle of interaction. In this examplethere are three lobes and four recesses. As in FIG. 4, the snapshotsshown represent the start of the cycle and the points of penetration atthe base and at the tip, intermediate positions as well as the cycleend. Next, in FIG. 9E, there is shown the position when the lobe andrecess rotors have rotated further as compared to the previous figure(FIG. 9D) such that the transient chamber of variable volume is formedentirely between the curved lobe surface and recess (as it is also inFIG. 9D) and can be seen to have significantly reduced in volume ascompared to FIG. 9D. With three lobes, the cycle length is shortenedsignificantly, which may be useful for applications where it isimportant or desired to minimize leakage flow. The values for theparameters chosen for this configuration are ρ_(Li)=30 mm, ρ_(Lo)=100mm, R_(l)=60 mm, R_(c)=50 mm, ρ_(Ml)=46 mm, ρ_(Po)=95 mm. As in theexamples above, the dimensions of the rotary device are fully scalable.

As explained above and also in section D in the appendix, a generalcondition can be recognised for validity of a rotor configuration. Theparameters that are most favourable in order to maximize the maximumpossible volume of the transient compression or expansion chamber ofvariable volume are now considered. As explained in detail in theappendix (section E, entitled “Maximising the Lobe Length”), a largefraction of the volume is swept by the lobe rotor and it is thus usefulto increase the length of the outer lobe radius ρ_(Lo). An alternativeor additional way of achieving this, i.e. other than increasing ρ_(Lo),involves reducing ρ_(Po) followed by a resealing of all lengthparameters such as to recover the same overall size of the rotarydevice.

Independently, minimizing the inner lobe radius ρ_(Li) also contributesto an increase of the total swept volume. Thus an independent aspect ofthe present invention (which may of course be combined with otheraspects or embodiments of the invention) provides a rotary device havinga lobe rotor and a recess rotor arranged for intermeshing interaction inwhich the lobe rotor has an outer radius and an inner radius and theinner radius is minimised so as to maximise swept area or volume of thelobe. Preferably, the rotary device comprising a first rotor rotatableabout a first axis and having at its periphery a recess bounded by acurved surface, and a second rotor counter-rotatable to said first rotorabout a second axis, parallel to said first axis, and having a radiallobe bounded by a curved surface, the first and second rotors beingcoupled for intermeshing rotation, wherein the first and second rotorsof each section intermesh in such a manner that on rotation thereof, atransient chamber of variable volume is defined, the transient chamberhaving a progressively increasing or decreasing volume between therecess and lobe surfaces, the transient chamber being at least in partdefined by the surfaces of the lobe and the recess.

As explained in section E of the appendix, a criterion which limits boththese types of change is the condition on the curvature of the main lobesegment A_(l), as formulated in equation (26) and which is reformulatedas equation (30). Rotor configurations that maximize swept volumecorrespond to parameters such that equation (30) is nearly satisfied asan equality, i.e. is approximately satisfied as an equality. Thus bysatisfying this condition it is possible to maximise the swept volume insuch a way as to increase the effective working volume of the rotarydevice per cycle without necessarily requiring a difference in the outerradii of the lobe and recess rotors. Greater detail on this is given inthe appendix.

FIGS. 10A to 10F show an example of a geometry illustrating the case ofa configuration with two lobes and three pockets, where the ratio of therotor diameters is kept to be ρ_(Lo)/ρ_(Po)=1. In this case, i.e. withparity between the lobe and recess rotor radii, the swept volume canstill be increased by reducing the inner lobe radius. As in FIGS. 4A to4F, the snapshots shown include the start of the cycle (top left) andthe points of penetration at the base (top right) and at the tip (centreright), as well as the cycle end (bottom right) and two intermediatepositions. The parameters chosen for this configuration are ρ_(Li)=24u,ρ_(Lo)=96u, R_(l)=60u, R_(c)=40u, ρ_(Ml)=41.1u, ρ_(Po)=96u.

The rotor pairs may be provided within a housing such as that shown inand described above with reference to FIG. 1 and may or may not beprovided with a moveable containment wall so as to enable the maximumpossible volume of the transient chamber of variable volume to bevaried. In other words, in all cases the actual volume of the chamberwill vary during the cycle, from the maximum to the minimum (zerousually) but in addition means may be provided to vary the maximumpossible volume for the chamber in any one cycle. Indeed, it will beappreciated that rotor pairs of the type described herein can be used inrotary devices as disclosed in any or all of WO-A-91/06747,WO-A-98/35136 and WO-A-2005/108745.

It will be appreciated that the above examples are non-limiting and anysuitable form may be used for the rotors. What is important is that theradius of the lobe rotor and the recess rotor is not the same which thenenables an increased swept volume to be achieved with the same overallsize of device. In summary and with reference to the description aboveof FIG. 3, it will be appreciated that the model, for simplicity, isexecuted in 2 dimensions. The 3 dimensional form of the rotors istypically a projection of the two-dimensional section (optionallyhelically formed, i.e. with some rotation about the projection axis) andso the model applies in 3 dimensions too.

As set out in the prior art referred to above, an efficient rotationaldisplacement device, is obtained by helically extruding a singletwo-dimensional cross sectional area of the lobe and recess rotors. Byextension and reference to the prior art it is therefore sufficient todescribe the parameters defining their two-dimensional shapes, as wellas the constraints to which the different parameters are subject.

In summary, the model operates by defining some fundamental parametersand in dependence on these determining a shape for a lobe rotor and thecorresponding recess rotor. From the fundamental parameters, a number ofothers may be derived including a number of angles and further lengths.These two forms of parameter may be referred to as “fundamentalgeometrical parameters” and “derived geometrical parameters”. The modeldiscussed in the appendix below uses one specific example as shown inFIG. 3. However, as explained in section “F” entitled “Variants andExample Configurations” the model can be used to determine a suitableshape for a lobe rotor and recess rotor having any desired number oflobes and recesses and to determine the shapes of lobes made up of anyappropriate number of arc segments. Thus, although in parts the appendixrefers to specific figures and examples, this has general applicabilityas will be appreciated by a man skilled in the art.

Once the rotors have been designed using the method described above thelobe rotor and the corresponding recess rotor are made. These may bemade using appropriate materials such as steel and using any knownmethod such as die casting, injection moulding, extrusion of appropriatematerials etc.

Embodiments of the present invention have been described with particularreference to the examples illustrated. However, it will be appreciatedthat variations and modifications may be made to the examples describedwithin the scope of the present invention.

APPENDIX—MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR USE IN DETERMINING ROTOR SHAPE A.Fundamental Geometrical Parameters

The defining element of the rotational displacement device (which weshall also refer to in short as the engine) is the geometry of thelobe(s). The pocket rotor is obtained as the involute form of the lobegeometry. The lobe rotor consists of a n_(L) identical lobes, offsetrelative to each other by an angle 2π/n_(L). Similarly, the pocket rotorfeatures n_(P) identical pockets, offset by an angle 2π/n_(P). Bothrotors are linked by a pair of gears such that they rotate at a fixedratio of angular velocities q=n_(L)/n_(P), given by the ratio of thenumber of lobes n_(L) to the number of pockets n_(P). As shown in FIG.3, the geometry of the lobe is defined by the following elements andparameters:

-   -   1. the inner radius defining the core of the lobe ρ_(Li),    -   2. the outer radius at the tip of the lobe ρ_(Lo),    -   3. a circular arc segment        _(l) of radius R_(l) defines the bulk of the lobe from the tip        to an inflection point,    -   4. a second arc segment        _(c) of radius R_(c) defines the base of the lobe, connecting        smoothly between the segment        _(l) and the core of the lobe,    -   5. to fully specify the geometry, the position of the centre of        the circular segment        _(l) has to be defined, we chose to indicate the separation        ρ_(m) of its centre M_(l) from the centre of the lobe rotor.

In addition to these five parameters for the lobe, the outer radius ofthe pocket rotor ρ_(Po) completes the defining list of defining systemparameters. All further aspects of the geometry derive from this set ofsix lengths as well as the ratio of number of lobes to pockets: {ρ_(Li),ρ_(Lo), R_(l), R_(c), ρ_(M) _(l) , ρ_(Po), q}.

B. Derived Geometrical Parameters

The length parameters given above uniquely define the geometry. Forconvenience we derive from these a number of angles and further lengths.Additional lengths which we shall refer to below are given by thedistance between the axes of the two rotors

R

=ρ_(Po)+ρ_(Li),  (1)

the separation of M_(l) and M_(c)

R _(lc) =R _(l) +R _(c),  (2)

and the separation of M_(c) and

_(L)

ρ_(M) _(c) =R _(c)+ρ_(Li).  (3)

Various angles are obtained by application of the cosine law in thetriangles present in the geometry. In particular, we define two anglesα_(L) and α_(P), which relate to a special state of rotation of thesystem. These two angles are realized in the configuration where the tipof the lobe T first penetrates into the interior of the pocket rotor.Considering the triangle Δ(

_(P),

_(L), T) at this instant, we define the two angles α_(L)=∠(

_(P),

_(L), T), and α_(P)=∠(

_(L),

_(P), T) (where the angle defined is near the second of each triple ofpoints), such that

$\begin{matrix}{{\alpha_{L} = {\arccos \left\lbrack \frac{\rho_{Lo}^{2} + R_{}^{2} - \rho_{Po}^{2}}{2\rho_{Lo}R_{}} \right\rbrack}},} & (4)\end{matrix}$

at the corner

_(L), and

$\begin{matrix}{\alpha_{P} = {\arccos \left\lbrack \frac{\rho_{Po}^{2} + R_{}^{2} - \rho_{Lo}^{2}}{2\rho_{Po}R_{}} \right\rbrack}} & (5)\end{matrix}$

at the corner

_(P). Further angles are defined for the lobe geometry and do not implya particular state of rotation. All of these angles are measured nearthe centre of the lobe

_(L), and are defined by triangles of points named in FIG. 3, inparticular ϕ_(M) _(l) =φ(M_(l),

_(L), T), ϕ_(M) _(c) =∠(M_(c),

_(L), T), and ϕ_(cl)=∠(M_(l),

_(L), M_(c)).

These angles equate to

$\begin{matrix}{{\varphi_{M_{l}} = {\arccos \left\lbrack \frac{\rho_{M_{l}}^{2} + \rho_{Lo}^{2} - R_{l}^{2}}{2\rho_{M_{l}}\rho_{Lo}} \right\rbrack}},} & (6) \\{{\varphi_{lc} = {\arccos \left\lbrack \frac{\rho_{M_{l}}^{2} + \rho_{M_{c}}^{2} - R_{lc}^{2}}{2\rho_{M_{l}}\rho_{M_{c}}} \right\rbrack}},} & (7) \\{\varphi_{M_{c}} = {\varphi_{lc} - \varphi_{M_{l}}}} & (8)\end{matrix}$

Prior patents [WO-A-91/06747, GB98/00345] have described specificgeometries of this type using the offset d of the point M_(l) from theradius towards the tip

. This quantity can be used interchangeably with ρ_(M) _(l) in thedefinition of the geometry. Defining the angle γ_(T)=∠(

, T, M_(l))=arccos [(ρ_(Lo) ²+R_(l) ²−ρ_(M) _(l) ²)/(2ρ_(Lo)R_(l))], wehave d=R_(l) sin γ_(T).

C. The Pocket Geometry

The shape of the pocket rotor follows by imprinting the shape of thelobe under revolution of the two rotors. There are two points of contactbetween the two rotors. The first point of contact is located initiallyat the base of the lobe defined by the intersection of

_(c) and

and is travelling towards the tip T of the lobe as the lobe penetratesthe pocket rotor. The second point is given by the tip of the lobe.These two points are referred to below as the inner and outer locus. Themovement of these two loci defines the geometry of the pocket. However,some conditions need to be verified by the lobe geometry to assure thata functional pocket exists, which are considered in the subsequentsection. Here, we first demonstrate how to construct the shape of thepocket.

1. Coordinate Systems

First, we need to define a convenient coordinate system in which toexpress the pocket shape. We choose the system (x, y) shown in FIG. 3,as a frame which is stationary in the rotating frame of the pocketrotor. Its relative position to the lobe rotor is defined by the pointof first contact of the lobe tip, defined to lie of the y-axis. Inaddition, we define a time t measured in radians of rotation of the loberotor. The origin of the time coordinate t=0 is associated with thestate of rotation when the base of the lobe

_(c) first penetrates the pocket rotor, i.e., when

_(L), M_(c) and

_(P) lie on a common line. Positive time t corresponds to clockwiserotation by the angle t of the lobe rotor. The configuration shown inFIG. 3 therefore displays time t_(tip)=ϕ_(M) _(c) −α_(L). For typicalconfigurations, t_(tip) is positive, however it can in principle benegative.

A second useful frame of reference (ξ, η) can be defined for the loberotor, such that the unit vector {right arrow over (e)}_(ξ) continuallypoints towards the origin of the pocket rotor, and {right arrow over(e)}_(η) is obtained by rotating this vector by η/2 (counterclockwise),i.e., {right arrow over (e)}_(η)={right arrow over (e)}_(z)×{right arrowover (e)}_(ξ), with {right arrow over (e)}_(z) the unit vector pointingoutwards of the plane of projection of FIG. 3. Due to rotation of thepocket system (x, y), the point

_(L) describes the trajectory

$\begin{matrix}{{{{\overset{\rightarrow}{r}}_{_{L}}(t)} = {R_{}\begin{pmatrix}\cos & \phi_{_{L}} \\\sin & \phi_{_{L}}\end{pmatrix}}},} & (9)\end{matrix}$

where φ

_(L) is measured from the x-axis

$\begin{matrix}{\phi_{_{L}} = {\frac{\pi}{2} + \alpha_{P} - {{q\left( {t + \alpha_{L} - \varphi_{Mc}} \right)}.}}} & (10)\end{matrix}$

Consequently, the (time-dependent) unit vectors of the system (ξ, η) aregiven by

$\begin{matrix}{{{\overset{\rightarrow}{e}}_{ɛ} = \begin{pmatrix}{{- \cos}\mspace{11mu} \phi_{_{L}}} \\{{- \sin}\mspace{11mu} \phi_{_{L}}}\end{pmatrix}},{{{and}\mspace{14mu} {\overset{\rightarrow}{e}}_{\eta}} = {\begin{pmatrix}{\sin \mspace{11mu} \phi_{_{L}}} \\{{- \cos}\mspace{11mu} \phi_{_{L}}}\end{pmatrix}.}}} & (11)\end{matrix}$

The reference system (ξ, η) is not attached to the rotating frame of thelobe. Instead, angles of points in the lobe system decrease linearlywith the time variable, t=0 corresponding to

=ρ_(M) _(c) {right arrow over (e)}_(ξ).

2. Curve Segments Defining the Pocket

The motion of single points in the lobe system, such as the lobe tip T,as well as the center points M_(l) and M_(c) can now bestraightforwardly expressed:

{right arrow over (γ)}_(T)(t)={right arrow over (γ)}

_(L) (t)+[cos(ϕ_(M) _(c) −t){right arrow over (e)} _(ξ)+sin(ϕ_(M) _(c)−t){right arrow over (e)} _(η)]ρ_(Lo),  (12)

{right arrow over (γ)}_(M) _(c) (t)={right arrow over (γ)}

_(L) (t)+[cos(−t){right arrow over (e)} _(ξ)+sin(−t){right arrow over(e)} _(η)]ρ_(M) _(c) ,  (13)

{right arrow over (γ)}_(M) _(l) (t)={right arrow over (γ)}

_(L) (t)+[cos(ϕ_(lc) −t){right arrow over (e)} _(ξ)+sin(ϕ_(lc) −t){rightarrow over (e)} _(η)]ρ_(M) _(l) ,  (14)

The outer locus is identical with {right arrow over (γ)}_(T)(t), whilethe inner locus is traced out as the involute form of circles withcenters {right arrow over (γ)}_(M) _(l) , and {right arrow over (γ)}_(M)_(c) . Its trajectory is therefore offset by the respective radiusrelative to either curve, and the resulting curve segments C_(l), C_(c)can be expressed as follows

{right arrow over (γ)}_(C) _(c) (t)={right arrow over (γ)}_(M) _(c) −R_(c) {right arrow over (e)} _(z)×{right arrow over (γ)}_(M) _(c)   (15)

{right arrow over (γ)}_(C) _(l) (t)={right arrow over (γ)}_(M) _(c) −R_(l) {right arrow over (e)} _(z)×{right arrow over (γ)}_(M) _(l) ,  (16)

where we have introduced the tangent vectors {right arrow over(τ)}_(M)={right arrow over ({dot over (γ)})}_(M)/∥{right arrow over({dot over (γ)})}_(M)∥ (using the notation

$\overset{\overset{.}{\rightarrow}}{r} \equiv {\frac{d}{dt}\overset{\rightarrow}{r}}$

for the time derivative, and ∥{right arrow over (γ)}∥ to denote the normof a vector).

As stated above, the inner locus moves from the base of the lobe towardsits tip during the compression cycle. The curve delineating the pocketis given as the union of three segments, defined by {right arrow over(γ)}_(C) _(c) , {right arrow over (γ)}_(C) _(l) and {right arrow over(γ)}_(T) on the appropriate time intervals. Initially, for times tϵ[0,t_(cl)] the inner locus is described by {right arrow over (γ)}_(C) _(c), where the final time t_(cl) is defined by the intersection of thecurves C_(c) and C_(l), that can be obtained by solving

{right arrow over ({dot over (γ)})}_(M) _(l) (t _(cl))·[{right arrowover (γ)}_(M) _(l) (t _(cl))−{right arrow over (γ)}_(M) _(c) (t_(cl))]=0  (17)

The solution can be found analytically, and it is of the form

$\begin{matrix}{{t_{cl} = {2\mspace{11mu} \arctan \left\{ \frac{a - \sqrt{a^{2} + b^{2} - c^{2}}}{b + c} \right\}}},} & (18)\end{matrix}$

abbreviating recurrent expressions

${a = {\left( {\rho_{M_{c}} - {\rho_{M_{l\;}}\cos \; \varphi_{lc}}} \right)}},{b = {\rho_{M_{l}}\sin \mspace{11mu} \varphi_{lc}}},{c = {\frac{q + 1}{q}\rho_{M_{l}}\rho_{M_{c}}\sin \mspace{11mu} \varphi_{lc}}},$

For times t_(cl)<=t<=t_(end), the inner locus is described by {rightarrow over (γ)}_(C) _(l) . Finally, we can obtain the time or angle ofrotation for the end of the cycle t_(end), which occurs when the innerand outer locus meet, and

{right arrow over ({dot over (γ)})}_(M) _(l) (t _(end))·[{right arrowover (γ)}_(M) _(l) (t _(end))−{right arrow over (γ)}_(M) _(l) (t_(end))]=0  (19)

It solution has a similar form as Eq. (18), but with one change in sign:

$\begin{matrix}{{t_{end} = {2\mspace{11mu} \arctan \left\{ \frac{d + \sqrt{d^{2} + e^{2} - f^{2}}}{e + f} \right\}}},} & (20)\end{matrix}$

and with the parameters

${d = {\left( {{\rho_{M_{l}}\; \cos \mspace{11mu} \varphi_{lc}} - {\rho_{Lo}\; \cos \mspace{11mu} \varphi_{M_{c}}}} \right)R_{}}},{e = {\left( {{\rho_{Lo}\; \sin \mspace{11mu} \varphi_{M_{e}}} - {\rho_{M_{l}}\; \sin \mspace{11mu} \varphi_{lc}}} \right)R_{}}},{f = {{- \frac{q + 1}{q}}\rho_{M_{l}}\rho_{Lo}\; \sin \mspace{11mu} {\left( \varphi_{M_{l}} \right).}}}$

D. Constraints on the System Parameters

In the previous section, we have derived mathematical expressions forthe curves defining the pocket geometry, Eqs. (12), (15), and (16).However, not all choices of parameters {ρ_(Li), ρ_(Lo), R_(l), R_(c),ρ_(M) _(l) , ρ_(Po), q} yield well defined pocket geometries. We nowproceed to derive the conditions under which a functional unit isobtained.

For a successful compressor geometry, the inner locus, as seen in therest-frame of the pocket rotor, performs a continuous movement, whichexcludes any momentary reversals of the velocity as well asintersections of its trajectory with itself. A valid trajectory can beensured by requiring a negative initial velocity (contrary to the senseof rotation of the pocket rotor), a touching point of the curves C_(c)and C_(l) at time t_(cl) and the absence of reversal of the velocitywithin curve C_(l). In addition, there are some trivial geometricconstraints which we consider first.

1. Triangle Relations

On the level of basic geometry, the lengths defining the lobe geometryhave to be chosen such that the two fundamental triangles Δ(

_(L), T, M_(l)) and Δ(

_(L), M_(c), M_(l)) can be spanned, as described by the trianglerelations |a−b|<c<a+b [for a generic triangle Δ(a, b, c)]. Sixinequalities follow, namely

R _(l)+ρ_(M) _(l) >ρ_(Lo)  (21a)

ρ_(Lo)+ρ_(M) _(l) >R _(l)  (21b)

R _(l)+ρ_(Lo)>ρ_(M) _(l)   (21c)

for the first of the two triangles, and

ρ_(M) _(l) +R _(l)>ρ_(Li)  (22a)

R _(l)+2R _(c)+ρ_(Li)>ρ_(M) _(l)   (22b)

ρ_(Li)+ρ_(M) _(l) >R _(l)  (22c)

for the second.

2. Initial Velocity of the Inner Locus

In order for the initial velocity of the inner locus to be negative(i.e., moving in the direction from the base to the tip) it issufficient to demand that the movement of its center has a positivevelocity at t=0. The trajectory ρ_(M) _(c) is then forced to describe aloop with strong curvature, that enforces a negative velocity {rightarrow over ({dot over (r)})}_(c) _(c) (0). With little algebra, thiscondition translates to

$\begin{matrix}{R_{c} > {\frac{1}{1 + q}\left\lbrack {{q\; \rho_{Po}} - \rho_{Li}} \right\rbrack}} & (23)\end{matrix}$

3. Intersection of the Curves C_(c) and C_(l)

By construction, the arc segments defining the lobe

_(c) and

_(l) share a common tangent where they join. Consequently, the involutesof both arcs generically yield parallel curves C_(c) and C_(l) at theirtouching point. However, C_(c) has an inflection point accompanied witha reversal of local velocity. This feature must occur after the time ofintersecting with C_(l), in which case it does not affect the geometry.This leads to a condition, which is equivalent to demanding a positiveargument of the root in Eq. 18. Simplifying this expression, we arriveat the condition

$\begin{matrix}{{- \frac{\left( {1 + q} \right)^{2}}{4q^{2}}}\left( {\rho_{M_{c}} + \rho_{M_{l}} - R_{c} - R_{l}} \right)\left( {R_{c} + R_{l} + \rho_{M_{c}} - \rho_{M_{l}}} \right) \times {\quad{{{\left( {R_{c} + R_{l} - \rho_{M_{c}} + \rho_{M_{l}}} \right)\left( {R_{c} + R_{l} + \rho_{M_{c}} + \rho_{M_{l}}} \right)} + {\left( {R_{c} + R_{l}} \right)^{2}R_{}^{2}}} > 0.}}} & (24)\end{matrix}$

Note all the factors in parentheses for the first term are positive byvirtue of the triangle relations.

4. Bound on the curvature of {right arrow over (γ)}_(M) _(l)

Finally, one needs to ensure that the curve C_(l) is well formed. It istypically dominated by a point of inflection where the inner locusremains nearly stationary, a and can even reverse its direction. Thelatter case leads to leakage and should be avoided. Algebraically, thiscan be expressed as the velocity of the touching point {right arrow over({dot over (r)})}_(c) _(l) having a positive projection onto thevelocity of the center point {right arrow over ({dot over (r)})}_(M)_(l) , or in equations {right arrow over ({dot over (r)})}_(C) _(l)·{right arrow over ({dot over (r)})}_(M) _(l) >0. This translates into aconstraint on the (signed) curvature κ_(l)(t) of the curve {right arrowover (γ)}_(M) _(l) . It is required that

$\begin{matrix}{{\kappa_{l}(t)} \equiv \frac{\overset{\overset{.}{\rightarrow}}{r_{M_{l}}} \cdot \left( {{\overset{\rightarrow}{e}}_{z} \times {\overset{\overset{¨}{\rightarrow}}{r}}_{M_{l}}} \right)}{{{\overset{\overset{.}{\rightarrow}}{r}}_{M_{l}}}^{3}} \leq \frac{1}{R_{l}}} & (25)\end{matrix}$

The bound on the signed curvature κ_(l)(t) can only be satisfied if itsabsolute maximum max_(t) κ_(l)(t) satisfies the bound. A pleasinglysimple criterion ensues.

$\begin{matrix}{\rho_{M_{l}} \leq {\frac{1}{1 + q}\sqrt{{q^{2}\left( {\rho_{Li} + \rho_{Po}} \right)}^{2} - {\frac{1}{27}\left( {1 + {2q}} \right)^{3}R_{l}^{2}}}}} & (26)\end{matrix}$

5. Constraints from Multiple Pockets

In total, the pocket rotor has to be able to carry n_(P) pockets. Thisimposes a limitation on the maximal angle of opening of the pocket. Thetotal opening angle of the pocket θ_(P) is given by

$\begin{matrix}{\theta_{P} = {{\alpha_{P} + {q\left( {\varphi_{M_{c}} - \alpha_{L}} \right)}} \leq \frac{2\pi}{n_{P}}}} & (27)\end{matrix}$

This criterion only tests for the size of the pockets on thecircumference of the lobe rotor. In addition, the pockets need to bewell separated in the interior of the rotor as well. This can be checkedeasily by drawing a given shape of the pockets for a set of inputparameters.

6. Geometry of the Lobe

So far, we have not mentioned the shape of the trailing edge of thelobe. As this element has no function other than ensuring mechanicalstability of the lobe, it can be designed freely except having to avoidcolliding with the pocket rotor. The maximum allowed angle between thetip of the lobe and its trailing edge at the base γ_(L) is thereforelimited to the value

$\begin{matrix}{{\gamma_{L} \leq \gamma_{L}^{\max}} = {{\frac{\theta_{P}}{q} - \varphi_{M_{c}}} = {\frac{\alpha_{P}}{q} - {\alpha_{L}.}}}} & (28)\end{matrix}$

Typically, mechanical stability will require at least γ_(L) ^(max)>0. Toextend this discussion, we consider the constraint arising from the needthat the lobe evacuates the interior of the pocket rotor quickly enoughto prevent a collision with the trailing edge of the pocket rotor. Themost protruding feature of the trailing edge of the pocket is the point{tilde over (T)} on the outer radius of the pocket which meets the tipof the lobe T at time t=φ_(M) ^(c)−α_(L). In a coordinate system (x,y)^(L) defined as co-rotating with the lobe, and oriented such that thetip of the lobe lies on its y-axis, the trailing edge of the pocketdefines the curve

$\begin{matrix}{{{\overset{\rightarrow}{r}}_{\overset{\_}{T}}^{L} = {{\left( {R_{} - {\rho_{Po}{\cos \left\lbrack {\beta (t)} \right\rbrack}}} \right)\begin{pmatrix}{\sin \left( {\varphi_{M_{c}} - t} \right)} \\{\cos \left( {{\overset{.}{\varphi}}_{M_{c}} - t} \right)}\end{pmatrix}} + {\rho_{Po}\mspace{11mu} {\sin \;\left\lbrack {\beta (t)} \right\rbrack}\begin{pmatrix}{{- \cos}\; \left( {\varphi_{M_{c}} - t} \right)} \\{\sin \; \left( {\varphi_{M_{c}} - t} \right)}\end{pmatrix}}}},} & (29)\end{matrix}$

introducing the abbreviation β(t)=α_(P)+q(φM_(cv)−α_(L)−t). The lobeneeds to be slim enough not to touch or cross this curve at any point.

E. Maximizing the Lobe Length

Given the criteria for validity of a rotor configuration discussed insection D, we may now ask which parameters are most favorable in orderto maximize the volume of the transient compression chamber. A largefraction of the volume is swept by the lobe rotor. It is thus useful toincrease the length of the outer lobe radius ρ_(Lo). Rather thanthinking of increasing ρ_(Lo), we may equivalently reduce ρ_(Po)followed by a resealing of all length parameters such as to recover thedame overall size of the engine. Independently, minimizing the innerlobe radius ρ_(Li) also contributes to an increase of the total sweptvolume.

The criterion which limits both these types of change is the conditionon the curvature of the main lobe segment

_(l), Eq. (26), which we can reformulate equivalently to read

$\begin{matrix}{{\rho_{Po} + \rho_{Li}} \leq {\frac{1}{q}\sqrt{{\left( {1 + q} \right)^{2}\rho_{M_{l}}^{2}} + {\frac{1}{27}\left( {1 + {2q}} \right)^{3}R_{l}^{2}}}}} & (30)\end{matrix}$

Rotor configurations that maximize swept volume correspond to parameterssuch that (30) is nearly satisfied as an equality. In particular,previously disclosed rotor configurations in patents WO-A-91/06747 andGB98/00345 did not approach this criterion very closely. Even whilekeeping the ratio of the outer lobe radii ρ_(Lo)/ρ_(Po) constant, themaximal 2D area for a system of rotors with ρ_(Po)=ρ_(Lo) can beincreased substantially by reducing ρ_(Li). To illustrate the effect ofthis modification, we modify the parameters of the engine previouslydisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,176,695. One can easily achieveρ_(Li)/ρ_(Lo)=¼ as opposed to the value ρ_(Li)/ρ_(Lo)=½ given in priorart. In FIG. 10, we enclose a drawing of this particular configuration.

With regard to the other criteria, Eq. (23) can always be fulfilled bychoosing R_(c) sufficiently large. However, the remaining constraintsare non-trivial. In particular, when ρ_(Li) is minimized, this may leadto violations of the triangle relations (22a-c), such that ρ_(M) _(l)needs to be increased while ρ_(Li) is decreased.

F. Variants and Example Configurations

Above, we have given an explicit construction of a geometry whichimplements the concept of a rotary displacement device with acompression chamber formed by a lobe and pocket rotor that are touchingin two points of close contact. The lobe geometry described aboveconsists of precisely two arc segments

_(l) and

_(c), however, this is not the only possible way of constructing ageometry in the spirit of patent no. WO-A-91/06747.

1. Lobe Formed of a Single Arc

As a special case of the construction presented in this appendix, it ispossible to obtain a geometry in which the lobe consists of a single arcsegment

_(l), which touches the lobe core tangentially. In this case, the pointsM_(l), M_(c) and

_(L) lie on a single line, and the arc

_(c) does then not define any portion of the lobe and R_(c) is not arelevant parameter (can be formally chosen to be any positive number).In addition, the triangle relations (22a-c) can be disregarded, andρ_(M) _(l) =R_(l)−ρ_(Li). FIGS. 5 and 6 show example configurationswhere the lobe consists only of a single arc segment in this fashion.

2. Lobe Formed of More than Two Arc Segments

Following the same geometrical principles, a lobe can be built up frommultiple arc segments of different curvature. Generalising theconstruction given above, the condition defining whether a geometry canbe realized is the criterion of non-reversal of the velocity of theinner locus akin to Eq. (26). The main difference arising in the case ofmultiple arc segments is to replace this equation by a condition of themomentary curvature of the trajectory of the relevant center point for agiven segment of the lobe. Generally, the structure of the lobe will besimilar to that given in the model of two arcs: the base of the lobe isa convex piece either given by the inner core or a circle segmenttangential to it as in the case of the single arc structure in sectionF1. The next portion of the lobe is concave, and the portion near thelobe tip is again convex. Each of these portions can in principle becomposed of multiple arc segments of varying curvature.

To display the versatility of the given construction with two arcsegments, a number of possible configurations are included in thesection of drawings.

1.-15. (canceled)
 16. A rotary device comprising a first rotor rotatableabout a first axis and having at its periphery a recess bounded by acurved surface, and a second rotor counter-rotatable to said first rotorabout a second axis, parallel to said first axis, and having a radiallobe bounded by a curved surface, the first and second rotors beingcoupled for intermeshing rotation, wherein the first and second rotorsof each section intermesh in such a manner that on rotation thereof, atransient chamber of variable volume is defined for acting on workingfluid in order to reduce its volume in the case of compression or forbeing acted on by working fluid to allow increase in its volume in thecase of expansion, the transient chamber being defined betweeninteracting surfaces of the lobe and recess rotor, the transient chamberhaving a progressively decreasing or increasing volume between therecess and lobe surfaces, the transient chamber being at least in partdefined by the surfaces of the lobe and the recess; a ratio of themaximum radius of the lobe rotor and the maximum radius of the recessrotor being greater than 1 thereby increasing the swept volume per cycleof interaction as compared to if the ratio was less than or equal toone.
 17. The rotary device according to claim 16, wherein the ratio ofthe maximum radius of the lobe rotor and the maximum radius of therecess rotor is between 1.1 and 1.5.
 18. The rotary device according toclaim 17, wherein the ratio of the maximum radius of the lobe rotor andthe maximum radius of the recess rotor is about 1.3.
 19. The rotarydevice according to claim 16, wherein a housing is provided to enclosethe rotors.
 20. The rotary device according to claim 19, wherein thehousing includes a moveable containment wall, said wall being moveableso as to vary the maximum possible volume of the transient chamber ofvariable volume.
 21. The rotary device according to claim 16, whereinthe rotors extend axially in a helical configuration.
 22. The rotarydevice according to claim 16, wherein the geometry of the or each lobeis determined by an inner radius of the lobe ρ_(Li), an outer rotorradius at a tip of the lobe ρ_(Lo), an outer radius of the recess rotorρ_(Po), and a circular arc segment A_(l) of radius R_(l) defining a bulkof the lobe.
 23. The rotary device according to claim 22, wherein thegeometry of the or each lobe is, in addition, determined by a circulararc segment A_(c) of radius R_(c) wherein the arc segment A_(l) definesthe bulk of the lobe from its tip to an inflection point and thecircular arc segment A_(c) defines a base of the lobe connecting betweenthe arc segment A_(l) and a core of the lobe.
 24. The rotary deviceaccording to claim 22, wherein a position of the centre of the circulararc segment A_(l) is defined in dependence on the separation of thecentre of the circular arc segment A_(l) from the centre of the loberotor.
 25. The rotary device according to claim 16, wherein the lobeprofile comprises plural arc segments.
 26. One or more of an engine, acompressor, an expander, and a supercharger each comprising a rotarydevice according to claim
 16. 27. A method of designing the rotors for arotary device having a lobe rotor and a recess rotor coupled forintermeshing rotation, wherein the lobe and recess rotors intermesh insuch a manner that on rotation thereof, a transient chamber of variablevolume is defined, the transient chamber having a progressivelyincreasing or decreasing volume between the recess and lobe surfaces,the method comprising: determining the geometry of the or each lobe independence on an inner radius of the lobe ρ_(Li), an outer rotor radiusat the tip of the lobe ρ_(Lo), and a circular arc segment A_(l) ofradius R_(l) defining a bulk of the lobe and an outer radius of therecess rotor ρ_(Po).
 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein thegeometry of the or each lobe is, in addition, determined by a circulararc segment A_(c) of radius R_(c) wherein the arc segment A_(l) definesthe bulk of the lobe from its tip to an inflection point and thecircular arc segment A_(c) defines a base of the lobe connecting betweenthe arc segment A_(l) and a core of the lobe.
 29. The method accordingto claim 27, comprising making a lobe rotor having the determinedgeometry.
 30. The method according to claim 29, comprising making therecess rotor to correspond with the lobe rotor.